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The Pacific Theater of Operations (1941-1945) |
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"And when at some future date the high court of history sits in judgment on each one of us – recording whether in our brief span of service we fulfilled our responsibilities to the state – our success or failure, in whatever office we may hold, will be measured by the answers to four questions: were we truly men of courage were we truly men of judgment were we truly men of integrity were we truly men of dedication?" John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963) |
–U.S. Bureau of Engraving photo |
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Japanese Empire at its Height December 1941 – After bombing Pearl Harbor, Japan continues its aggression in the Pacific, invading the Philippines and Guam on December 10, 1941, Burma on December 11, British Borneo on December 16, Hong Kong on December 18, and Luzon in the Philippines on December 22. They take Wake Island on December 23, 1941. General Douglas MacArthur begins the U.S. withdrawal from Manila in the Philippines to Bataan. On December 27, 1941, the Japanese bomb Manila. January 1942 – Japan captures Manila and the U.S. Naval base at Cavite on January 2, attacks Bataan in the Philippines on January 7, invades Dutch East Indies and Dutch Borneo on January 11, and advances into Burma on January 16. On January 27, 1942, the first Japanese warship is sunk by a U.S. submarine. February 1942 – U.S. involvement in the Pacific increases. On February 1, the first aircraft carriers, Yorktown and Enterprise, conduct air raids on Japanese bases in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. On February 24, the Enterprise attacks the Japanese on Wake Island. However, the Japanese continue their offensive actions, invading Java in the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, Sumatra, Bali and Darwin, Australia. On February 22, President Roosevelt orders General MacArthur out of the Philippines. The largest U.S. warship in the Far East, the Houston, is sunk. March 1942 – Action in the South Pacific continues to escalate. The British evacuate Rangoon in Burma; the Dutch surrender on Java. Japan invades the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. On March 11, General MacArthur leaves Corregidor for Australia. President Roosevelt appoints him commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater. |
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Here is an interesting Maine connection to General MacArthur: |
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Edwin T. Cooke |
April 1942 – Outnumbered and short of food and medical supplies, American and Filipino soldiers hold out for three months defending Luzon on the Bataan Peninsula. Malaria, dysentery, and tropical diseases are rampant. On April 3, the Japanese attack the troops at Bataan. Six days later the U.S. forces on Bataan surrender unconditionally to the Japanese. On April 10, the Bataan Death March begins. Estimates of the number of American and Filipino prisoners who started the march vary widely. There were probably 76,000 Allied POW's, including 12,000 Americans, forced to walk 60 miles under a blazing sun without food or water toward a new POW camp, resulting in over 5,000 American deaths from malnutrition, disease and atrocious treatment by their captors. |
Mainers recall veterans who endured the Bataan Death March:
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Hugh P. Parsons |
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Stanley B. Durgin - 1945 |
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May 1942 – The action continues. The Japanese occupy Mandalay in Burma, take Tulagi in the Solomon Islands, and prepare to invade Midway and the Aleutian Islands. They take Corregidor when General Wainwright unconditionally surrenders all U.S. and Filippino forces in the Philippines. |
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June 4-5, 1942 – A turning point in the war occurs at the Battle of Midway. Squadrons of U.S. torpedo planes and bombers from the Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown attack and destroy four Japanese carriers and a cruiser, and damage another cruiser and two destroyers. The U.S. loses the Yorktown. |
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August 7, 1942 – The 1st Marine Division invades Tulagi and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. It is the first U.S. amphibious landing of the war. A day later eight Japanese warships retaliate and sink three U.S. heavy cruisers, an Australian cruiser, and one U.S. destroyer, in less than an hour. Over 1,500 Allied crewmen are lost. Nearly two weeks later, on August 21, 1942, U.S. Marines repulse the first major Japanese ground attack on Guadalcanal, setting the stage for the Battle of Bloody Ridge on Guadalcanal from September 12-14, 1942. |
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October - November 1942 – Heavy fighting continues. In October, U.S. cruisers and destroyers defeat a Japanese task force off Guadalcanal. The first U.S. Army troops, the 164th Infantry Regiment, land on Guadalcanal. In November, U.S. and Japanese warships clash again off Guadalcanal, resulting in the sinking of USS Juneauand the highly publicized loss of the five Sullivan brothers |
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December 31, 1942 – Emperor Hirohito of Japan gives permission to his troops to withdraw from Guadalcanal after five months of bloody fighting against U.S. forces. However, they do not begin their evacuation for over a month. January 1943 – The Allies succeed in overpowering Japanese troops in New Guinea. February 9, 1943 – The Japanese resistance on Guadalcanal finally ends. April 18, 1943 – U.S. code breakers identify the location of Japanese Admiral Yamamoto near Bougainville in the Solomon Islands. |
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July 8, 1943 – B-24 Liberators flying from Midway bomb the Japanese on Wake Island. August 1 and 2, 1943 – 15 U.S. PT-boats attempt to block Japanese convoys in the Solomon Islands. PT-109, commanded by Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, is rammed and sunk by a Japanese cruiser, killing two. The remaining crew survive, but some are severely injured. Kennedy heroically aids a badly injured sailor. |
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August - December 1943 – The fighting intensifies. The Allies complete the occupation of New Georgia and recapture New Guinea. U.S. Marines invade the Solomon Islands. Emperor Hirohito states his country's situation is now "truly grave." |
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Roland & Eunice Finley |
I am voting in honor of my husband, Roland "Bud" Finley. As described in a November 9, 2000 article* in the Moosehead Messenger provided by his wife, Staff Sergeant Finley served in the South Pacific and was the only survivor of a Japanese bombing attack that killed the 14 other soldiers "hunkered down on an island one mile long and one-half mile wide, close to the island of New Guinea." Finley received shrapnel wounds but returned to his post, waited for the bomber to return, and downed the Japanese plane on its fourth swing over the airstrip. For these actions he received the Purple Heart. Eunice Finley, Dover-Foxcroft |
Roland Finley |
*According to the same article, the Finleys take care of 1,150 veterans' graves, including those who served in the Revolutionary War. |
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January - October 1944 – Allies make headway in the Pacific Theater. U.S. troops capture the Marshall Islands, attack the Mariana Islands, invade New Guinea, and bomb railways in Thailand. U.S. Marines invade Guam and Tinian. The U.S. conducts air raids against Okinawa. A decisive U.S. Naval victory occurs at Leyte in the Philippines. |
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Mrs. Marion Proctor and daughter |
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The Western Union telegram reads as follows: "THE SECRETARY OF WAR ASKS THAT I ASSURE YOU OF HIS DEEP SYMPATHY IN THE LOSS OF YOUR HUSBAND SECOND LIEUTENANT MORRIS D PROCTOR REPORT RECEIVED STATES HE DIED TWENTY FIVE DECEMBER ON MINDORO AS RESULT OF WOUNDS RECEIVED IN ACTION CONFIRMING LETTER FOLLOWS. DUNLOP ACTING THE ADJUTANT GENERAL." |
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Durward W. Carroll |
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Several loved ones, including Tami Patterson and Patrick Patterson of Garland, wrote to praise the contributions of Mary Eileen Adams Patterson, R.N. According to family accounts, she served from 1944-47 as an active duty nurse, including service in the Pacific Theater. After the war ended, she was assigned to inactive duty and in 1951 was honorably discharged from the Navy to return home to Maine. |
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October 25, 1944 – The first suicide air attacks – the notorious "kamikaze" attacks – occur against U.S. warships in Leyte Gulf. By the end of the war, Japan will have sent 2,257 aircraft on these missions. |
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December 17, 1944 – The U.S. Air Force begins preparations for dropping the atomic bomb by organizing the 509th Composite Group to operate the B-29's that will deliver the bomb. January 3, 1945 – General MacArthur is placed in command of all U.S. ground forces and Admiral Nimitz is put in command of all naval forces in preparation for planned assaults against Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and Japan itself. |
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Millard H. Patten, Jr. |
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January – February 1945 – U.S. military activity heightens. The Sixth Army invades Luzon in the Philippines and attacks the Japanese in Manila. |
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The following tribute represents the deep friendships that develop through shared military experiences: |
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February 19 - March 16, 1945 – U.S. Marines invade and capture Iwo Jima. |
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My husband, Alcee A. Vigue, served in the Navy in WWII on the USS Hyman in the South Pacific in Iwo Jima and Okinawa. He was hit by a kamikaze attack and saw the raising of the flag on Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima. |
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In 36 days of the fiercest fighting of World War II, three divisions of the U.S. Marine Corps captured the island of Iwo Jima. More than 60,000 Americans fought on Iwo Jima. At the end of the battle, 6,821 Americans lay dead. An additional 21,865 Americans suffered wounds or combat fatigue. April 1, 1945 – The final amphibious landing of the war occurs as the Tenth Army invades Okinawa. By June 22, 1945, they complete their capture of Okinawa when Japanese resistance ends. April 12, 1945 – President Roosevelt dies and is succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman. |
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U.S. Intensifies its Assault on Japan April - July 1945 – U.S. intensifies its assault of Japanese on land, in the air, and on the sea. B-29s fly their first fighter-escorted mission against Japan with P-51 Mustangs based on Iwo Jima. By mid-July 1,000 bomber raids against Japan begin. |
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The Tragedy of the USS Indianapolis At 12:14 AM on July 30, 1945, the cruiser USS Indianapolis was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine in the Philippine Sea. It sank, bow first, in less than 15 minutes. Of the nearly 1,200 men on board, approximately 300 went down with the ship and 900 men were left floating in shark-infested waters, with few lifeboats and little food or water. By the time the survivors were rescued 5 days later, only 316 men were still alive. The rest had died from hunger, drinking salt water, drowning and shark attacks. By many accounts, this was the worst naval disaster in American history. At the time of this attack the USS Indianapolis had been on her way to Leyte in the Philippines after delivering a secret cargo to Tinian Island in the Marianas. This top secret cargo reportedly was a delivery of vital parts for the atomic bombs to be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Indianapolis was due to reach Leyte on July 31, but no report was ever made when she didn't arrive on schedule, so no rescue operation was launched. By chance, a twin-engine plane flying routine patrol in the area spotted the wreckage on August 2, 1945. The pilot immediately radioed for help and rescue operations began. The USS Indianapolis had traditionally served as the flagship of the 5th Fleet. Several times before the attack on Pearl Harbor, she had carried President Franklin Roosevelt and members of his cabinet. During her 14 years of service, she was honored with 10 battle stars for her actions during the war. |
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U.S. Drops Atomic Bomb August 6, 1945 – A U.S. B-29, the Enola Gay, drops the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
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NUCLEAR DAWN: The atomic bomb, dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945, marked the beginning of a new era in warfare. |
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William Bragner |
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Mainers share personal stories about the sacrifice, valor, and dedication of servicemen and women in the Pacific Theater: |
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August 16, 1945 – General Wainwright, a POW since May 6, 1942, is released from a POW camp in Manchuria. September 2, 1945 – A formal Japanese ceremony is held on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay as 1,000 carrier-based planes fly overhead. President Truman declares V-J DAY. |
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My husband, Cpl. Wallace Mathew Thompson, was with the 152nd Field Artillery, 43rd Division, in the South Pacific, Coral Sea, Invasion of the Philippines, and the release of prisoners from Bataan. He served from 1943 to 1945. He got malaria and was on the seas heading for home when war was declared over
a wonderful man, devoted citizen, and honorable soldier. |
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Additional Tributes Submitted OnlineTribute to my grandfather, Allison Bishop: Tribute to my father, Norman T. Pease: Tribute to my father-in-law, Francis C Soares Jr.: Tribute to my father, Paul Messier: Tribute to my father, Gayland Moore Jr.: Tribute to my father, Lee M Billings: Tribute to my brother-in-law, Paul A Lancaster: Tribute to my father, Austin C. Billings: Tribute to my Father, Fillmore B. Clough: Tribute to my father, Donald Lawler: Tribute to my Father, Paul Messier: Tribute to my Father, H.E. Boles: Tribute to my aunt, Hilda Tozier: Tribute to my father, James E. Ryan Sr.: Tribute to my Grandfather, Elmer E. Hoyt: Tribute to my grandfather, Levi Joseph King: Tribute to my Father, Clement Scala: Tribute to my Father, Francis W. Lyons Sr.: Tribute to my Father, Lester O Prue Jr.: Tribute to my Father, Arthur E. Ray: Tribute to my Father, Chief Petty Officer Ben Lyons: Tribute to my Father, Frederick George Curtis, Sr.: Tribute to my Father, Gale E. Hincks: Tribute to my Father, Russell N. Charles: Tribute to my Father, Marshall Spear: Tribute to my Father, James Hannigan: Tribute to my Uncle, Richard Erico: Tribute to my Uncle, Clarence Peterson: Tribute to my Father, Captain Charles W. Weaver, Jr.: Tribute to my Grandfather, Harold Briggs: Tribute to my friend, John Ryan: Tribute to my Grandfather, Leonard R. Sanborn: Tribute to my Father, Alton F. Sabin, Sr.: Tribute to my Father, Wendell L. Hardison: Tribute to my Father, Allan E Horne: Tribute to my Father, Norman Palmer: Tribute to my husband, C. Paul Bush, Jr.: Tribute to my Father, Andrew Bundeff, Jr.: Tribute to my friend, George H. Savage: Tribute to my Grandfather, Floyd Kenneth Smith: Tribute to my Father, Floyd Kenneth Smith: Tribute to my Great-uncle, Arthur W. Christie: Tribute to my Father, Dominic D'Agostino: Tribute to my Father, Philip H. Wardwell, Sr.: Tribute to my Father-In law, Richard Martin: Tribute to my Father, Birchie N. Tarr: Tribute to my Father, Keith L. Winchenbach: Tribute to my Father, Floyd Keniston: Tribute to my Father, James N. Bodlovick: Tribute to my Uncle, Richard: Tribute to my Grandfather, Albion "Gabe" Gerry: Tribute to my Uncle, Llewellyn Miller: Tribute to my Father, Abbott Peare: Tribute to my Father, Frank W. Richards: Tribute to my Father, Fredrick Turnbull: Tribute to my uncle, James Lee: Tribute to my Father, 1st Lt. Richard Lane Hazel: Tribute to my Aunt, Hilda Tozier Foote: Tribute to my Friend, Curt West: Tribute to my Grandfather, Harry Taggett: Tribute to my Friend, Earl Eustis, Jr.: Tribute to my Father, Shannon Edwin Swan: Tribute to my wife for 63 years, Alvin Clark Wagner: Tribute to my Friend, Robert Gleichenhaus: Tribute to my friend, Robert Gleichenhaus: Tribute to my Father in Law, Harold J. Athearn: Tribute to my Friend, Harry Kaklegian: Tribute to my Father, John G. Caterina, Sr.: Tribute to my Father, Leonard R. Duane: Tribute to my Father, Seward R. Dinsmore: Tribute to my Father, Fred Blackman: Tribute to my Grandfather, Floyd Enman: Tribute to my Uncle, F. Raynald Bonin: Tribute to my Father, Carl Edward Helstrom: Tribute to my father, Chester B Fish, Jr: Tribute to my Husband, Henry Scherer: Tribute to my Father, Earl L. Wolfe: Tribute to my Cousin, John Phair: Tribute to my Grandfather, Harold E. Lailer: Tribute to my Father, John R. Lewis: Tribute to my Father, Keith Winchenbach: Tribute to my Father-In-Law, Francis P. Wooten: Tribute to my Father p, Robert Thomas Tiner Sr.: Tribute to my grandfather, Ralph Nelson Carter, Sr.: Tribute to my Father, Reginald F. Muchemore, Jr: |